Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) :

Introduction:

Also known as vasopressin, ADH is a nine–amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. The hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin within hypothalamic neurons, and both are released upon hormone secretion. The single most important effect of antidiuretic hormone is to conserve body water by reducing the output of urine. It binds to receptors in the distal or collecting tubules of the kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the circulation. The release of ADH is based on plasma osmolarity, the concentration of solutes in the blood.

 For example:

 Loss of water (e.g., sweating) results in a concentration of blood solutes, so plasma osmolarity increases. Osmoreceptors, neurons in the hypothalamus, stimulate secretion from the neurons that produce ADH. If the plasma osmolarity falls below a certain threshold, the osmoreceptors do nothing and no ADH is released. However, when osmolarity increases above the thresh￾old, the osmoreceptors stimulate the neurons and ADH is released.

Arteriosclerosis:

Introduction:

 Also known as “hardening of the arteries.” It is a disease whereby the arteries thicken and the inner surfaces accumulate deposits of hard plaques of cholesterol, calcium, fibrin, and other cellular debris. The arteries become inelastic and narrowed, which increases the stress on the heart as it pumps blood through, and complete obstruction with loss of blood supply can occur. This is a common cause for high blood pressure. There are hereditary links that are asso￾ciated with increased risk of heart attack and stroke. When arteriosclerosis occurs in large arteries, such as the aorta, it is often referred to as atherosclerosis.


Artery:

Introduction:

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated (except the pulmonary artery) blood away from the heart via the right and left ventricles to organs throughout the body. The main trunk of the arterial system in the body is called the aorta. The aortic divi￾sions are the abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta, aortic artery, and ascending aorta. The pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.


Arthritis:

Introduction:

Inflammation of one or more of the joints in the body. atrioventricular valve A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle. It prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.


Atrium (plural, atria):

Introduction:

An upper chamber that receives blood from the veins returning to the verte￾brate heart and then pushes the blood to the ventricles, the lower chambers. There is a left and right atrium. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs into the left atrium and gets pushed down to the left ventricle. The  left ventricle pumps the blood out to the rest of the body, transporting the oxygen to parts of the body that need it. Blood returning rom its voyage through the body arrives in the right atrium. It then goes into the right ventricle from which it goes through the lungs again to get more oxygen, and the cycle continuously repeats itself.


Autosome:

Introduction:

A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to the sex chromosomes or the mitochondrial chromosome. Human cells have 22 pairs of autosomes. bioenergetics The study of the energy transfers in and between organisms and their environments and the regulation of those pathways. The term is also used for  form of psychotherapy that works through the body to engage the emotions and is based on the work of Wilhelm Reich and psychiatrist Alexander Lowen in the 1950s.


Biome:

Definition:

A large-scale recognizable grouping, a distinct ecosystem, that includes many communities of a similar

nature that have adapted to a particular environment. deserts, forests, grasslands, tundra, and the oceans are biomes. Biomes have changed naturally and moved many times during the history of life on Earth. In more recent times, change has been the result of human￾induced activity.